2.dos Problems with current data
As the dowry are legally blocked within the India and you may Bangladesh, someone usually hesitate to reveal perfect dowry wide variety. The product quality matter into dowry regarding Indian dataset asks on community-founded dowry. Such as for example, the brand new Asia Individual Development Questionnaire requires “Essentially in your neighborhood to have a household including yours, do you know the types of issues that are supplied since gift ideas during the time of the latest daughter’s matrimony?” A community-dependent dowry is not the just like just one dowry, that is paid back from the bride’s parents at the time of wedding. Alternatively, the question out-of dowry lets simply a binary address, we.e., even if an optimistic quantity of dowry is actually paid (elizabeth.grams., Survey to your Updates of females and you will Virility both in India and you will Pakistan). A binary address, needless to say, doesn’t render much info. The norm out-of if or not a positive dowry matter is provided matches to, and that’s mainly said because of the, cultural, religious, and you may caste backgrounds during the Southern China.
While the dowry is not legally blocked in Pakistan, extent truly repaid from the feminine respondent’s parents is requested versus scheduling kissbrides.com best term paper sites during the good Pakistani dataset like the Pakistan Rural Family Questionnaire. In the event Pakistani interviewees will most likely not intentionally keep hidden true information regarding dowry means, this new survey can get nevertheless include keep in mind mistakes because participants need certainly to bear in mind brand new dowry matter paid by its moms and dads previously. Contour 1a plots new forecast level of genuine dowry values counted in Pakistani Rupees during the 2004 to matrimony seasons having fun with investigation out-of this new Pakistan Outlying Home Survey. Because the consensus is the fact real dowry numbers are growing, or at least display a low-decreasing development, the fresh shape indicates the general inclination away from keep in mind errors. Quite simply, the fresh new longer the brand new gap amongst the interviewees’ marriage and also the recall time, a lot more likely he is to help you overestimate the dowry matter.
Relationships ranging from ladies ounts. New range suggests the predict genuine level of dowry regressed towards the ladies’ relationship year. The fresh new shady town suggests 95% confidence period of your own predict quantity of dowry. The content resources of (a) and you may (b) try Pakistan Outlying Domestic Questionnaire 2004, in addition to rural home survey presented of the journalist for the 2013, correspondingly
3 Studies
On good all of our knowledge, analysis gathered in this investigation may be the earliest to adopt explicitly a standard habit of overestimate a cost paid down extended before. Just like the qualities away from prior to now compiled studies, ours are retrospective; yet not, based on it desire, i such as for instance implemented specific operate to attenuate questionnaire keep in mind errors. For example, i asked for the level of both area-oriented dowry (non-retrospective) and private dowry matter reduced during the time of the respondent’s marriage (retrospective). As Pakistani dowry consists of gold/jewellery, dresses, chairs, cooking utensils, etc, i queried dowry number by goods. When we noticed good respondent’s overestimation of your dowry matter, especially in the scenario off a married relationship one to taken place an excellent long time before, while the dowry was presented, we could and you will performed evaluate such number having people who went to new ceremony. Consequently, the research on the predict genuine quantities of dowry (Fig. 1b) do not tell you people coming down pattern, having said that that have the individuals claimed from inside the Fig. 1a.
3.step 1 Questionnaire
When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).